This is the least prominent of the New Energy sources, ???路? the one that has the smallest group of pioneering scientists and inventors, but it is potentially one of the most important areas of New

This is the least prominent of the New Energy sources, ???路? the one that has the smallest group of pioneering scientists and inventors, but it is potentially one of the most important areas of New Energy technologies. Its experimenters and proponents cast significant doubt on the universal validity of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which for over 150 ????? years has proclaimed that it is impossible to extract useful work from the thermal motion of atoms and molecules using only a single ???????  temperature reservoir- with no lower temperature reservoir to which to exhaust waste heat.

Some of this research has been ??????? reviewed and discussed at length in articles in Infinite Energy (Issues, #29, #37, and #43), but a recent landmark paper by physicists and a mathematician at the University of San Diego ("A Solid-State Maxwell Demon," Foundations of Physics,  ????????? Vol.32, pp.1557-1595, October 2002, www.kluweronline.com), seems to offer nearly conclusive proof that devices that do create work from a single temperature reservoir can be built. The paper proposes a laboratory-testable, solid-state device that uses the electric field energy of an ??????   open-gap p-n junction semiconductor device to drive a solid-state mechanical piston. The authors used numerical results from a commercial semiconductor device simulator to verify their analytical model. They describe the proposed device as a "thermally rechargeable capacitor which, in this incarnation, is used to power a linear electrostatic motor." Thus, all the thermal energy in the environment- in the air, water, and solid earth- ???????? can be converted to useful work, if the environmental energy advocates are correct, as we strongly believe they are, based  ?????? on our own thorough examination of this field,??????????  including our own laboratory experiments. (Patents for devices invented by Kenneth Rauen, based upon these 100% repeatable laboratory effects, have been applied for under a for-profit